(E) Simple 3D surface shell model with no thickness. (D) Multiple ontogeny axes for helicospiral models. (C) Aperture outlines data for generating curve models. (B) same as (A), but the data can be obtained in a greater resolution. (A) Aperture maps ( sensu Rice, 1998) or growth vector maps ( sensu Urdy et al., 2010). (H) Opisthostoma vermiculum shell that consists of one Opisthostoma vermiculum original 3D model of which the aperture was connected to a second, enlarged, Opisthostoma vermiculum.ĭifferent data types that could be obtained directly from a 3D shell model that was retopologised on the basis of the aperture ontogeny and which can be used in theoretical modeling (A–D) and functional morphology studies (E–F). (G) Plectostoma christae shell that was reshaped into a depressed form by increasing by 1.5 the model size along the x and y axes, and by reducing the size by one-half along the z axis. (F) Plectostoma christae shell that was reshaped into an elongated form by reducing the model size (linear dimension) by one-half along the x and y axes, and by doubling the size along the z axis. (E) Plectostoma laidlawi shell that was resized by one-half and with slight modification of the last aperture size. (D) Shell of Opisthostoma vermiculum Clements and Vermeulen, 2008. (C) Shell of Plectostoma christae Maassen 2001. (B) Shell of Plectostoma crassipupa van Benthem Jutting, 1952. (A) Shell of Plectostoma laidlawi Sykes 1902. Retopologised shell 3D models obtained by repotologising real shells (A–D) and by transformation of retopologised shells (E–H). (H) Retopologised 3D shell mesh converted from retopologised NURBS surface shell model. (G) Final retopologised NURBS surface shell model. (F) Procedure 4 –Generating retopologised shell surface models from NURBS circles in EDIT mode. (D) Procedure 4 –Retopologising aperture outlines from the reference by using NURBS circles in EDIT mode. (C) Procedure 3 –both traced aperture outline and ontogeny axis were converted to Bezier curves. (B) Procedure 3-Creating reference: Tracing ontogeny axis. (A) Procedure 3-Creating reference: Tracing aperture from shell model. Procedures to generate a retopologised shell based on the aperture ontogeny from a shell by using Blender software.
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